Mine
Stories
MINE FIRE AT NO 9 MINE IN LANSFORD, PA 1884
By David Kuchta Black Maria By David Kuchta In the 1700's, certain gases or the lack of oxygen were
detected with various hit and miss types of detection. The candles on miners
caps, or if carried by the miner, would either go out from the lack of oxygen
or the flame would get larger with a different coloring of the flame if certain
gases were in the area. Of course, in some instances these open flames caused
fires or explosions. By 1815, the Davey's Safety Lamp came into use in the
mines. This certainly changed the way for miners to check for certain gases.
One of the earliest ways of detecting certain gases such as Methane, Carbon
Monoxide or the lack of oxygen was the use of birds such as the Canary. Stories
of the use of canaries in the mines have been passed down from generation to
generation. Even as a child I remember my father mentioning the use of canaries
in the mines, but he, nor his father, ever saw them used in the mines, and my
grandfather was working in the mines in the early 1900's. Up to this year, I
have never read nor seen any documentation as to their use, just hear-say! The Lehigh Coal & Navigational Company was incorporated
in 1820. Checking with a well-versed historian at their archives where most of
the LC&N Company's records are kept, he well assured me that there is no
mention of any use of canaries in the LC&N mines. We can assume that small
independent mines in those early years that contracted for the mining of coal
on their property might have used canaries for their mine work. The Lehigh Coal
Navigational Company did have good investors with a lot of capital so it is
more then likely that they had Davey's Safety Lamps and any other technical
means for checking oxygen or certain gases at the earliest of times. To clarify
the use of canaries in the mines, I started sending inquires over the Internet
to find out just how prevalent was the use of these small fragile birds. I was
surprised to hear that some countries, like the United Kingdom and Australia
used them right up to more modern times. The last documentation was in the
1970's when they passed laws against the use of birds in the mines. In later
years, canaries were certainly used in collieries in the United Kingdom, but
not on a daily basis. They were used following the “William Pit Explosion,” in
1947, but to detect foul air for the rescue party. The lead man had a cage
fastened to the top of his breathing apparatus, so that the man behind him
could see when they had entered the “styth“ or after-damp area. They then knew
where they needed to start trying to restore the “coursing” of the air-flow, to
direct fresh air into that area. Rescue teams kept a number of canaries on
hand, but, it wasn't as cruel as you might think because once removed back to
fresh air, most canaries recovered to be used again! Many mines used canaries to detect Carbon Monoxide and not
Methane because their heart rate is so high they die or pass-out very quickly
before a man could accumulate the gas in his blood stream to any harmful
degree. Because of the high heart rate of the canary, it was convenient for the
job, but notnecessarily too great for the poor canary! In more modern times
they had special birdcages made of Perspex, which had holes drilled into it for
ventilation on the forth side. When the bird fell off of the perch they closed
an airtight door over the side with the ventilation holes and would revive the
bird with oxygen so it could be used again. I also have read where some miners
carried small vials of oxygen and they let the bird breathe this to save the
bird's life. Many of the mining companies in the United Kingdom, would buy
their birds from private breeders, pet shops or have an aviary built right in a
part of the mine offices where they would breed the birds for use in the mines.
Most of the canaries used were of bad coloring, or some type of imperfection,
which weren't good for public sale. Also, the female canaries weren't too good
for singing so they would be sold cheaper for mine use. Mine canaries were also
used in the Southern Bituminous Coal Fields of the United States up to the late
1890's. I would also have to assume that some of the smaller independent or
“boot-leg” mines used the canaries in the early years because of the expense of
a “Davey's Safety Lamp.” Taking air
samples in the early days was time consuming and had to be handled in special
labs. In later years, a Methanometer was used in the mines which detected
methane gases and oxygen levels. The safest mines have good ventilation systems
with huge fans, airways and proper doors and brattice's to control the airflow.
Many modern mines have electrical sensors built right in the mines. In my
limited mining, I have seen where there was methane in the escape way that we
were driving after sitting idle for a week. With a small fan and ventilation
pipe, the methane or foul air was dissipated very quickly. So, the “Mine
Canary,” is now history, but I'm more than sure the stories of their use will
be passed on to future generations. Mine Mules By David Kuchta I think most people would find the subject of Mine Mules
intriguing. They are part of the long history of the mining industry. In the
16th through the 18th century in the United Kingdom, the mine industry used
humans as a beast of burden. Most times, it was children and women who carried
or dragged the baskets of coal or rock to the main shafts. In 1842, the United
Kingdom passed laws against girls and women working in the mines. Then in time
they used small ponies to do the job. Later, the United Kingdom passed laws
against ponies in the mines but for a short while they used boys to pull the
cars to the shaft. In the United States, some of the oldest mines used oxen and
then mules to pull the coal cars inside and outside the mines. Here in the
Panther Valley, the Lehigh Coal & Navigational Company used mules right up
to the period of shutting down most of the mine operations in the early to mid
1950s. They kept the last mules probably more as a memento to the past but the
company also utilized them in areas where the electric mine motors might cause
certain problems. In some areas there might have been a minor gas problem and
an overhead electric trolley line could spark an explosion so they utilized the
mules. Mules are very smart and along with that, they could be very
thick-headed. They know what they can do and would never do any thing they
couldn't or would not want to do. Mules were known to pull at least three full
mine cars full of coal. If you hooked up a fourth car they would balk at any
commands and just stand there. No way would they pull the fourth car! Some mule
drivers figured that the mules were counting the cars as they were hooked up
with the chains. So when it came to the fourth car, they did it real quiet and
discreet. The mules pulled the fourth car, unknowingly, without any problems. In the early years when the coal companies had canals they
tried using horses to pull the barges of coal. They soon found that on a hot
day, the horses would want to take a dip in the canal to cool off, often
dragging a young mule driver into the water which could end up with some of the
drivers getting drowned. Horses are also known to pull more then they could
handle and they literally would work to their death. They found out that the
mule didn't like water and would never work himself into the ground like a
horse. With this experience, the job of pulling the barges on the canals was
eventually turned over to mules. A good mule driver knew that treating the
mules with kindness got better results then mistreatment. Some drivers were
mean and ruthless and if the mule didn't want to pull any mine cars they would
hit them with the wooden sprags that were throughout the mines. The sprags are
a piece of wood that you jammed in the openings of the wheels to brake the
cars. When mules were mistreated they often got even. Many a miner or driver
was killed by mules, by getting kicked in the chest or head. Another favorite
way of evening up the score with a mule driver was to squeeze him against the
rib (wall) of the mine. Most drivers kept away from any squeeze points and just
treated their mules with respect. In the same case, mules were just plain
cantankerous and ill mannered. Some mules wouldn't work with any driver. The
company had to find someone who the mule would work with. Yes, some mules were
just like humans and just didn't want to work. Mules also liked to get treats
such as apples, carrots and believe it or not, chewing tobacco. In the No. 9 Mine Museum in Lansford, Pennsylvania they
have a death certificate for two mules that died in 1913. Their value was
placed at $200 a mule. Most mining companies valued the mules life over that of
a common mine labor. The Coal Companies also did not take lightly any
mistreatment of mules. If a miner decided to kill a mule, he had a good chance
of being fired. Many people think that the mules were never taken out of the
mines and were blind. Not so! Mule stables in the mines were usually lit up
with electric lights (after 1920 or so.) Mules were also taken outside to a
mule barn when the miners went on strike or during a vacation period. If any
mine mule was hurt or sick they would bring him out for recuperation. When the
mules were brought out of the mines they would romp and run around the area.
They would like to roll on their backs and just kick up their heels. Mules
enjoyed getting out of the mines every so often. They often walked the mules
from one mine to another such as from Spring Tunnel or No. 9 Mine to No. 6 at
the other end of Lansford. Around 1964, the government passed laws outlawing
the use of any animals, as beasts of burden, in any mines. It was at this time
that the illustrious career of the “Mine Mule” came to an end. Come! Join Us! For an
experience you will never forget! Copyright 2007-2016 / All Rights Reserved / This site
created by Steve Mahala - Webmaster
…
Five miles west of Summit Hill, on the direct road between Mauch Chunk and Pottsville. Between Summit Hill and Tamaqua the land is rich in coal deposits, and is owned by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, a wealthy and powerful corporation, whose President is E. W. Clark, of Philadelphia. The land is leased by the Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal Company, Charles Parrish, of Wilkesbarre, President. Within the past 10 years this company has made extensive and costly improvements upon this large tract, proving and developing the veins and erecting a succession of mammoth breakers, extending in a chain through the Panther Creek Valley from Tamaqua to Summit Hill. The different collieries are designated numerically. At Lansford, four miles east of Tamaqua, is situated No.9, one of the most extensive of the chain. Close by this thriving village, which has a population of 3,000, composed principally of miners and their families, is situated the mouth of the tunnel which leads into Colliery No.9. This tunnel has been driven for about a mile into the base of Sharp Mountain, where it strikes the coal vein.
To those unfamiliar with coal mining it may be necessary to explain that the coal was worked out from the level of this tunnel, a perpendicular distance of 700 feet to the surface. This is called the first “lift.” After exhausting the coal in this “lift” a slope was sunk from the level of the tunnel down a distance of 300 feet, where new gangways were constructed and the process of working out the coal up toward the first level was prosecuted. This is called the second “lift.” In order to raise the coal from the bottom of this slope to the tunnel above, as well as to pump water and drive the air fans, large stationary steam engines were constructed upon the level of the tunnel at the head of the slope. The steam for driving their engines was furnished by 25 large boilers, each about 3 ½ by 30 feet in dimensions, situated near the mouth of the tunnel at Lansford. The gangways of both the first and second “lifts” extend right and left along the vein for several miles.
About 3 o'clock yesterday afternoon it was discovered that a fire had broken out in the interior of the mine. The report quickly spread to Lansford and the other villages in the vicinity, where the majority of the miners had their homes, and created the utmost consternation, as about 500 men and boys were employed in the mine, and the rumor said that their escape was cut off. Fortunately, the event proved this terrible rumor to be untrue. The vast extent of the mine, with its numerous air-shafts, offered many avenues of egress, and through these the workmen all succeeded in effecting their escape unharmed, with the exception of Thomas Powell, the engineer and the head of the slopes, who was taken out with great difficulty, and in the state of complete exhaustion. The origin of the fire has not yet been positively settles, but the most authentic reports state that it started at the engine at the head of the slope. This engine, as it has been said, was run by steam forced down from the surface. It was surrounded by wood-work to protect it from the dripping of water, and in time the intense heat of the steam-pipes rendered the wood as dry as tinder. It is said that the engineer, Powell, after trimming his lamp, threw a burning wick upon the ground, and thus set fire to this wood-work. Upon discovering the mischief he labored with desperation to extinguish the flames. His efforts were unsuccessful, and they almost cost him his life. He is still in such a prostrated condition as to be unable to give any account of the origin of the fire.
A visit to the scene this afternoon and conversations with the workmen and bosses afford at the best but gloomy prospects of the future of the mine. The fire is above water level, so that it is impossible, even if the water were at hand, to adopt the usual expedient in such cases of turning in the water of a stream and thus drowning out the fire. The working are very extensive and are furnished with numerous air-shafts, provided for the ventilation of the mine, but which now afford so many flues to furnish draft for the flames. Hundreds of men are at work closing up the mouths of those chimneys with earth dumped upon timbers thrown across them, while a dense volume of steam from the 25 large boilers outside the mouth of the tunnel is being injected into the mass of roaring flames in the workings. Despite all these efforts, so intelligently projected and energetically executed under the direction of Mr. William D. Zehner, the company's Superintent, the dense white clouds of steam which arise from the mouths of the air-shafts give too unmistakable evidence that but little has been effected in the direction of subduing the flames. Should the extinguishment of the fire prove impossible the financial loss will be almost beyond computation. The breaker alone cost $150,000, which is insignificant in comparison with the damage which will be entailed should the fire put a permanent stop to the working of the mine; and, worse still, should it extend, as now seems probable to adjacent workings. The consequential damage to Tamaqua from the fact of five hundred men and boys being thrown out of employment is a very serious consideration to merchants, and altogether the catastrophe, in its present aspects, is the most serious in the history of this part of the Anthracite coal regions.
…During the early years here in the
Panther Valley there were two words that …originally
brought fear into the hearts of miner's wives: Black Maria! Around …the
coal collieries during and after the turn of the century there was a black …covered
wagon that was pulled by a team of horses. In later years this was …a
motorized vehicle that was later known as an ambulance.
During the mid to late 1800s, when people would see this "Black
Maria," coming up the street, it brought shudders to those wives of miners
who knew that just maybe, they were bringing home their husband or son. In
those days, they used the "Black Maria," both as an ambulance as well
as a hearse. If there was a bad accident at the colliery, a loud whistle would
sound the alarm. But, if it was just what would be considered an average mining
accident the whistle wouldn't be sounded. Just as in modern times, the word
would get out that someone was killed and everyone thought the worst. Many of
the local kids would see the "Black Maria," coming up the street and
would be running along side or behind it like a procession. By this time the
wives of the miners would be waiting or watching on the front porches or stoops
hoping that the "Black Maria," would pass on by. Many of the wives
would be praying the Rosary or silently wording desperate suplications to
heaven.
During these early years, miners that were seriously hurt were taken by horse
and carriage up to Ashland Pa. This was over very rough roads and was a long
trip. Many a miner probably died from the rough ride or because of the length of
time it took to get to Ashland Hospital. In time, trolley lines were in place
from Mauch Chunk to Pottsville, Pa. This did help considerably. Then around
1910, the Coaldale Hospital was built and this was a real blessing for the
local coal miners.
But before these trolley lines or Coaldale Hospital was built, everyone had to
depend on the "Black Maria" to bring home their loved ones. Probably,
the exasperating part was that the miner could be still alive but critically
hurt. If the mine officials thought that he couldn't make the trip up to
Ashland, he would be taken to his home for his wife to make him as comfortable
as she possibly could for the short remainder of his life. If the miner was
dead, they would place him on the front porch of his home. At this time,
friends or neighbors would come over and take the body into the house, clean,
dress him in his finest suit and prepare the deceased for his wake.
Just a few years ago, I always thought that the "Black Maria" was a
local expression that was only used in the Panther Valley area. Then I started
reading other books on coal mining throughout the entire hard coal regions, and
saw this same words used for their ambulance or hearse throughout the entire
coalfield regions. This term, "Black Maria," got me thinking about
where these words originated. I thought that being the early years of mining
here in Pennsylvania were done by Welsh miners that perhaps the word originated
in Wales. How wrong I was! When I did research into this question about the use
of a horse and carriage or vehicles called a "Black Maria," to haul
the critically hurt or dead miners, I found that they used it during the Great
Depression in the communities located in the western prairies. I found that it
was something like an adaptation of the Model T Ford, and was used for
transporting the deceased. Then, a good friend of mine came to the rescue and
solved the problem of where the words, "Black Maria," originated. The
"Black Maria," was the black van, which conveys prisoners from the police
courts to jail. The French called it a mud-barge or a "Marie-salope."
The tradition is that the van referred to was so called from Maria Lee, an
African-American woman, who kept a sailors' boarding house in Boston. She was a
women of such great size and strength that the unruly sailors stood in fear of
her, and when constables required help, it was a common thing to send for
Maria, who soon collared the refractory (person resisting control or authority)
and led them to the lock-up. So because of this, a prison-van was called a
"Black Maria." In time it was also used to describe an ambulance and
a hearse. Mine Canaries
By David Kuchta